Potential Heterogeneous Catalysts from Three Biogenic Residues toward Sustainable Biodiesel Production: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract The cost and difficulty in the preparation of synthetic heterogeneous base catalysts is main barrier to their use. Today, majority these are derived from biomass resources. This study aimed at developing characterizing three biogenic residues for biodiesel production without catalyst support. EDS indicated variation Na, K, Mg, Ca, having aggregates 67.45, 83.15, 76.85 % calcined‐ periwinkle shell‐ash (CPWSA), ‐melon seed‐husk ash (CMSHA) ‐locust bean pod (CLBPA), respectively. XRD revealed presence sodium oxide (Na 2 O), calcium (CaO), potassium (K magnesium (MgO) 800 °C. FTIR showed C=O, C−H, O−H bonds samples. basicity values CPWSA, CMSHA, CLBPA 11.65, 10.41, 11.62, developed were used synthesize palm kernel oil.